Australian Street Crime

For a number of decades, street crime remains one of the most volatile, persistent and an undoubtedly intractable issue in our societies. Despite this imminence of the issue significance attached to it is negligible. From a superficial perspective, the problem may sound criminological but the reality is that all stakeholders have failed to keep the menace within acceptable limits despite favorable conditions been availed1.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Street Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every age produces its public enemy though such enemies have a habit of changing. According to Hallsworth, the street robber was the public enemy number one in the United Kingdom in 20022. Does this mean such people never existed in Britain before? The answer is a loud no. The only explanation to this is that they existed but they were never profiled with such vengeance as was the case later. Today nobody i s preoccupied with street criminals. Its anxiety has been replaced by white-collar gangs3. Does this presuppose that there has been a decline in street crime or are the concerned parties playing the politics of the ostrich? This paper attempts to bring into the perspective the phenomenon of street crime, its causes and probable measures of presentation with Australia as the reference point. Before embarking on a journey to unearth the dynamics of street crime, it is paramount to understand the whole concept of crime. From a Marxian perspective, crime occurrence can be attributed to a set of social and economic conditions4. Therefore, the nature and extent of crime depends on the organization of the society. As such, it follows suit that crime, and to be specific street crime, must be analyzed in the context of how it is related to the society as a whole but not in isolation5. The root cause of all crimes may be pinned down as economic deprivation6 As such, it is expected that crime rates should increase with a deterioration of economic conditions-at least from an empirical standpoint. However, this is not a blanket theory since it does not apply always. This is because not all people who are poor or unemployed engage in crime. Some of the people who commit serious or chronic crimes are economically privileged. If these corporate or white collar criminals do not lack the basic necessities of life to warrant them an indulgence in criminal behavior, it is obvious that there are factors at stake. Many theories have been advanced to explain the existence of crime in our society but few have contained enough thresholds to warrant a universal adaptation. Though the Marxian school of thought came close to providing a sound reasoning, it has been challenged by other theories like the feminist and the structuralism ones7.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One structuralis t, Richard Quinney, in his attempt to outline a cause for the existence of crime, he identified two types of crime-crime of repression and that of resistance8. The first one represents those that are committed by the state or ruling class so as to maintain their position of influence. The last category comprises of crimes committed by lower-class persons. As a result, inequality between classes is expected to cause an increase in predatory and personal crimes-street crime been a member of the latter group. It is crucial to therefore study the trends in street crime in the context of an opened mind putting into consideration the many factors that at play. It is only then that governments and the society at large will be in a better position to fight and bring the menace into controllable levels. The starting point of demystifying the myths surrounding for purposes of this paper will be to examine what comprises it. Though not a standard Home Office term, street crime is usually taken to imply a combination of robbery and snatch theft. The robbery may be of either personal or commercial nature9. This definition is important as addresses some of the popular beliefs that street crime entails those petty crimes like pick pocketing and the like while leaving out the big picture. It also busts the belief that the crime is usually linked to street children (Home Office)10. Australia is a fairly peaceful country crime wise. However, it is characterized by such crimes like human trafficking, illegal drug trade and human smuggling. In addition, street crime has always been part of the Australian culture11. The problem is not given the significance it deserves and is usually overridden by other serious crimes like homicides with the state offering short term measure like early closure of entertainment places. As Rob White, an environmental criminologist notes, the menace cannot be curbed by instant coffee solutions but by understanding the broader cultural context in whic h the crimes occur12. Australia has a track record of addressing issues through a once-and for-all mechanism. Why then has the issue of street crime eluded the government and the wider society for so long? It managed to tackle the issue of road accidents and having been leading the world in this, why are they finding it difficult to fight street crime? The problem lies with the mode of fighting. They deal with the symptoms instead of the causes. What then are these causes of street crime? In a nutshell, the causes of street crime can be viewed as a case of the society eating its own. This is because the perpetrators of the crime come from the same society that the victims hail from. Alluding to an earlier proposition, street crime occurs against a backdrop of many factors some which are social, economical or political in nature13. Socially, there are a number of reasons that have led to a rise in street crime in Australia. One of these reasons is children neglect and abuse. Research has shown that neglected or abused children commit more crimes later in life than others. The victims of this abuse or neglect find their new home in the street and crime becomes their livelihood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Street Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the inequalities meted out to them early in life, these people grow up with such anti-social behavior and will pass it to their offspring – if at all they happen to raise one. In reality, it becomes a vicious cycle of violence and criminals. The children find a consolation in the street- a home away from the hell-like conditions that they grew up associating with their homes14. This hardens their lives and they end up ganging up with others who have faced similar fate forming gangs15. Therefore, the social fabric is a very crucial social factor as far as provision of criminal opportunity is concerned. Family conflict s force the youth to take desperate steps in their lives as well as join bad peer groups who initiate them into criminal activities and before they know it, they are so deep into it that the prospect of leaving the practice is brushed aside as an almost impossible16. Another factor that has led to the insurgent of street crime in Australia is unemployment. The rate of unemployment stood at 5.1% by July 2011.As from 1978 to 2010, the rate had been averaging at 7.11% reaching an historical crest of 10.90% in December 1992 and a record low of 4.00% in February 200817. Though these statistics may seem optimistic, unemployment still remains the most persistent and devastating economic ills in Australia over the centuries. This is because its effects surpass material depravation to touch on issues to do with crime, poverty and family breakdown. Although Australia has been prosperous, unemployment among the youth has remained high. In 1993, Australia was ranked fifth in youth unemployment rate among thirteen OECD countries Muir K, Maguire A, Slack-Smith D Murray M18. The trend is explained by a number of factors. One of them is the shrinking job market brought. Since 1995, there as being a 6.9% decrease in full-time jobs available for the youth19. This trend has forced many youths to look for casual or part-time positions20. In this regard, is there any interplay between youth unemployment and crime or more precisely, street crime? Indeed studies have shown that there exists two links between the two. One of them links ennui and other situational factors to unemployment and therefore increasing avenues for engagement in crime. The other link is that if one cannot meet his or her wants and needs legitimately, it follows suit that they will be bound to seek illegitimate means to meet them. This apparently has been the case with Australian youth who engage in street crime to earn a living. When people think of crime, the catch word that rings into their minds is povert y. In that case, it will be scholarly unfair if this paper does not pay attention to this social factor for street crime. Australia is not a poor country per se but experiences relative poverty.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The phenomenon is found mostly with unemployed people, single parent families, and disabled people, indigenous Australians as well as immigrants and refugees. Around one in every eight children in Australia lives in poverty21. This a very high rate compared with other industrialized countries. The effects of poverty are unfathomable. They range from homelessness to poor health, malnutrition and crime22. As such, poverty may be viewed as the denominator against which most of the vices are rest. Unemployment stems from it because parents who cannot afford to take their children to school are forced to stay at home with their children and thus becoming illiterate. This leaves the victims with no option but to turn to the world of crime to meet their personal needs. The causes of street crime can be seen as labyrinth of economic and social disparities that exist not only in Australia but also in any society.23 Failure to address these disparities will mean that the problem will linger a round as long as humankind continues to exist. In its part, what is Australia doing to curb street crime? What are some of the measure it has deployed to bring the trend into manageable levels? As earlier hinted, the fight against street crime will not be won by instant coffee solutions. It requires a long term dedication to review the systems at stake as well as an overhaul of the whole social stratum. Below are some of the policies and programs that the Australian government is using to curb the menace. In its endeavor to prevent crime, the Australian government has resorted to a number of approaches. Though some of them have not worked, its efforts have not been altogether futile. One of these policies is the crime prevention through environmental design strategy. The strategy recognizes the need for designing and managing public and private space in ways discouraging criminal activity and thus encouraging community perceptions of their safety24. CPTED mainly puts into considerat ion the designers of particular areas, how the areas are defined in terms of border, maintenance and ownership as well as how well the design of the area is an encouragement to its intended function. Some of the key concepts given prominence in CPTED are lighting, safe routes, landscaping, sightlines, escape routes, entrapment spots, signage and movement predictors. In Australia, this program began in the cities of Norwood Payne ham, St. Peters and Campbell town in 199825. In 2003, the cities of Burnside Town of Walkersville and Prospect joined the program. Given the financial implications of this approach to crime prevention, it proves to be an expensive method and thus limited in application26. In Australia, it has only been limited to the above mentioned cities Eastern region due to a lack of funding27 Another opportunity reduction or situational approach that the Australian government has used in its fight against street crime is its introduction of methods limiting access to ca sh especially in Victoria. This initiative was aimed at deterring prospective robbers by rendering the TABS in betting shops less attractive targets. Time-locking cash boxes were introduced and a cash limit of 500 US Dollars set in each selling TABS drawer. The efforts saw a decline in crime between 20% and 48% when compared to other big commercial targets like banks. Elsewhere in New South Wales, criminal justice agencies introduced initiatives to reduce mort vehicle theft in Sydney, ‘the car theft capital of the world’. The program incorporated a strategic assessment, planning and cooperation with private and public agencies as well as a publicity campaign. The aim of this policy was to educate the general public to make their cars more secure. It also aimed at luring insures to get rid of incentives for insurance hoax. After a year following the introduction of these measures, motor vehicle theft declined by more than 25% in New South Wales (Australian Governmentâ₠¬â„¢s Attorney Department28. Apart from the target hardening programs, the Australian government has also used other approaches in its fight to street crime. These include the social or developmental approach. In Queensland, the government began the Peace Builders program with an aim to reduce bullying, violence and other anti-social behavior via a school-based involvement. The program endeavored to increase children’s resilience as well as reinforcing positive behavior. The strategy drew its participants from a school in the south-eastern Queensland community characterized by high levels of family breakdown, unemployment and inner-cultural tension Australian Government’s Attorney Department29. It addressed risk factors linked to anti-social behaviour at individual, school and community level. In the second of the introduction of the programme, anti-social behavior fell, parent and student satisfaction increased while police call-outs decreased from 25 to 4. 30 Once ag ain, Queensland is home to another social approach to the fight against crime through community justice groups. These are Kowanyama and Palm Island community justice groups31. Before the inception of these community development programs, family violence, drug abuse and property crime were highly prevalent. The groups consist of members of the indigenous population with the support of a community development officer as well community consultation32. They provide a mechanism in which the communities can deal social and justice issues with respect to customary laws and practices using conflict resolution, sanctioning and link between criminal justice agencies and the community. After its initiation, the program saw a reduction of personal and property crime, decline in juvenile criminal activity as well as effectiveness in sanctioning anti-social conduct and resolving family rows33. In addition to the above proactive means of fighting street crime the Australian has tried to bring the menace down by deploying a number of reactive measures like gun control. This was particularly intensified after an incident on 26th April 1996 in which a disturbed young man armed with a gun shot dead 35 citizens in Tasmania34. This necessitated the stalled gun reform process35. Since the incident, there has been considerable support from the public and politicians to restrict gun availability. The government also embarked on a campaign to buy back licensed weapons and to grant amnesty on unlicensed firearms. In conclusion, the menace of street crime in Australia will remain battle yet to be won. This is because as mentioned earlier, most of the tactics the government is using to bring the issue into manageable rates are not fool-proof. There is need for focus on fighting the causes not the symptoms. Proactive measures will only prove futile in the long run as the criminal will always benchmark themselves against any new strategy that the policy makers adopt. That is why in the mea ntime, the battles against street crime in Australia is a wait-and see matter as the menace will remain as inescapable as death. References Australian Government’s Attorney Department. Crime Prevention, November 2004. Retrieved from http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/www/Ncphome.nsf/Page/9CB89639A8BF1D1BCA256 C2900198AA0 Barry G. Youth in crisis: Gangs, territoriality and violence. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.jpg 18 Home Office. ‘Crime reduction’. Street crime. Retrieved from http://tna.europarchive.org/20100413151441/crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/Street crime/streetcrime01.htm Indermaur D. Crime Research Center, University of Western Australia. Situational  Prevention of violent crime: Theory and practice in Australia, 1999. Retrieved at http://www.crc.law.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/50334/Situational_Prevention_of_Volent_Crime.pdf Muir K, Maguire A, Slack-Smith D Murray M. Youth unemployment in Australia: a  contextual, governmental and organisational perspective, November 2003. Retrieved at http://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/webdata/resources/files/Youth_unemploymen_AMP_ Report_November03.pdf Scheingold SA. The politics of street crime: Criminal process and cultural obsession. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. Schwartz MD Hatty SE. Controversies in critical criminal. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co., 2003. White R Cuneen C. Social Class, youth crime and justice, 2006. Retrieved at http://www.uk.sagepub.com/stout/02-Muncie-YCJ Ch%2002.pdf Footnotes 11. MD Schwartz SE Hatty. Controversies in critical criminal. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co., 2003. Pg 12 2 MD Schwartz SE Hatty pg 10. 3 Ibid 4 Ibid 5 ibid 6 Ibid 7 SA Scheingold. The politics of street crime: Criminal process and cultural obsession. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. 8 R White C Cuneen. Social Class, youth crime and justice, 2006. Retrieved at 9 Home Office. Crime reduction. Street crime. Retrieved from http://tna.europarchive.org/20100413151441/cri mereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/streetcrime/streetcrime01.htm 10 Ibid 11 G Barry. Youth in crisis: Gangs, territoriality and violence. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.pg 183 12 R White C Cuneen. Social Class, youth crime and justice, 2006. Retrieved at http://www.uk.sagepub.com/stout/02-Muncie-YCJ-Ch%2002.pdf pg 13 13 R White C Cuneen. pg 12 14 R White pg 14. 15G Barry. Youth in crisis: Gangs, territoriality and violence. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.pg 183 16 Ibid 17 Muir K, Maguire A, Slack-Smith D Murray M. Youth unemployment in Australia: a contextual, governmental and organisational perspective, November 2003. Retrieved at http://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/webdata/resources/files/Youth_unemployment_AMP_ Report_November03.pdf 18 Ibid 19 K Muir, A Maguire Slack-Smith M Murray. Youth unemployment in Australia: a  Contextual, governmental and organizational perspective, November 2003. Retrieved at http://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/webdata/resources/files/Youth_unemploymen 20 Ibid 21 Ibid 22 White R Cuneen C pg 16 23 Ibid 24 D Indermaur. Crime Research Center, University of Western Australia. Situational prevention of violent crime: Theory and practice in Australia, 1999. Retrieved at   http://www.crc.law.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/50334/Situational_Prevention_of_Violent_C rime.pdf- pg 23. 25 Ibid 26 D Indermaur- pg 24 27 Ibid 28 Australian Government’s Attorney Department. Crime Prevention, November 2004. Retrieved from http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/www/Ncphome.nsf/Page/9CB89639A8BF1D1BCA256C29001 98AA0 pg 4 29 Ibid 30 Australian Government’s Attorney Department -pg 7 31 Ibid 32 Ibid 33 Australian Government’s Attorney Department pg 9. 34 Australian Government’s Attorney Department pg 12. 35 Ibid This essay on Australian Street Crime was written and submitted by user Diana A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Requisitos del acta de nacimiento para Inmigracin

Requisitos del acta de nacimiento para Inmigracin Si le han pedido un acta  de nacimiento o debe presentarlo durante la tramitacià ³n de una peticià ³n o solicitud migratoria para Estados Unidos, es posible que sienta inquietud porque desconoce los requisitos que debe cumplir el documento. No se preocupe, este artà ­culo resuelve todas las dudas. Se aclara quà © informacià ³n debe contener el acta de nacimiento para ser admitido por las autoridades migratorias. Tambià ©n si debe estar traducido y/o notarizado y quà © hacer cuando es  imposible conseguir uno. Y es que si se saben las reglas no es complicado seguir sin problemas con la tramitacià ³n que se est gestionando. Antes de empezar, comentar que un acta de nacimiento se puede llamar en algunos paà ­ses certificado  o partida de nacimiento. En todo caso, es lo mismo y aquà ­ los tres nombres se utilizan indiferentemente. Situaciones para las que se pide un acta de nacimiento Lo cierto es que pueden ser muy variadas pero por lo general tiene lugar en tres tipos de trmites: cuando un ciudadano americano debe acreditar su nacionalidad es uno de los documentos admitidos cuando se ha nacido en Estados Unidos. Asà ­ se solicita una copia.para los trmites para obtener una visa de inmigrante (tambià ©n conocida como green card o tarjeta de residencia). Este requisito se pide tanto en los ajustes de estatus (I-485) como en los procedimientos consulares.Y, por à ºltimo, en la tramitacià ³n del I-9, para verificar que se es elegible para trabajar. Aunque puede suceder que se solicite un acta de nacimiento para trmites relacionados con las visas no inmigrantes, estos casos no son frecuentes. Requisitos del acta de nacimiento extranjero para Inmigracià ³n Es frecuente que las autoridades migratorias o consulares soliciten un acta de nacimiento a personas extranjeras como parte de la tramitacià ³n de peticiones o solicitudes. En estos casos, es  preciso presentar una copia del certificado emitido por otro paà ­s que debe incluir todos los siguientes requisitos: Nombre y apellidos completos, sin incluir inicialesFecha y lugar de nacimientoNombre de los padresSello de la autoridad que emite el documento como, por ejemplo, el Registro CivilAnotacià ³n de la autoridad que lo emite en el que se especifica que es una copia del original No se admite un acta de nacimiento emitido por el consulado o la embajada de un paà ­s en los Estados Unidos.  ¿Tiene que estar notarizado? Para casos relacionados con la obtencià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia (green card) el certificado de nacimiento no tiene que estar notarizado, ni certificado ni apostillado.  Adems, no es necesario el original, basta con una simple copia (el sello y la firma tienen que ser orginales). Para otro tipo de trmites, seguir fielmente las instrucciones sobre requerimientos, ya que pueden ser diferentes.  ¿Tiene que estar traducido al inglà ©s? Por à ºltimo, si el documento no est en inglà ©s hay que traducirlo. No es necesario que la traduccià ³n la realice un traductor certificado. Basta que la realice una persona con buenos conocimientos del inglà ©s y del espaà ±ol y que asà ­ lo afirme y se identifique en una declaracià ³n jurada (affidavit). Se puede seguir este modelo de carta. Lo que sà ­ es imprescindible es que dicha traduccià ³n la realice una persona distinta al beneficiario de la peticià ³n migratoria. Tampoco puede realizarla el patrocinador de una  green card.  ¿Quà © hacer cuando no hay acta de nacimiento o contiene errores? En casos muy concretos y extraordinarios no ser posible presentar el acta de nacimiento porque o bien nunca existià ³ o bien los archivos en los que se encontraba se han destruido o no es posible encontrar la anotacià ³n original. Incluso porque el registro del nacimiento no se realizà ³ durante el primer aà ±o de vida. Cuando asà ­ suceda las autoridades de inmigracià ³n permiten presentar documentacià ³n secundaria para probar el nacimiento. En primer lugar, hay que dirigirse al Registro Civil o a la oficina oficial que en la actualidad lleve este asunto en el lugar donde la persona nacià ³ y solicitar que se emita un certificado de falta de registro en el que se seà ±ale claramente que se ha buscado la documentacià ³n solicitada y que no se ha encontrado. Y a continuacià ³n se puede acompaà ±ar tal certificado de falta de registro con evidencias adicionales, siendo la preferida una declaracià ³n jurada de una persona - puede ser un familiar- que hubiera tenido conocimiento directo del nacimiento. Si no es posible, pueden admitirse rà ©cords como el de bautismo o incluso informes mà ©dicos o escolares. El Departamento de Estado publica una lista de documentos que pueden presentarse como evidencia secundaria de nacimiento y que puede cambiar de paà ­s a paà ­s, por lo que de darse el caso es recomendable consultar directamente con la oficina consular cuya jurisdiccià ³n se extienda al lugar en el que tuvo lugar en nacimiento. Informacià ³n especà ­fica para mexicanos en Estados Unidos Algunos estados mexicanos permiten solicitar el acta de nacimiento por internet. Estos son los pasos a seguir. La vida que espera como residente permanente Ya que muchos de los trmites para los que se solicita un certificado de nacimiento estn relacionados con una peticià ³n de green card es conveniente recordar que el  estatus de residente no es igual al de un ciudadano. Y que la residencia es, sin duda, un privilegio y, como tal, va acompaà ±ada de una serie de obligaciones que hay que cumplir.   Una gran forma de conocer los derechos y las obligaciones y asegurarse de que se conoce todo lo imprescindible para conservar la tarjeta de residencia es completar con à ©xito este test de respuestas mà ºltiples. Un modo fcil y rpido de adquirir informacià ³n fundamental.

Henry Kissinger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Henry Kissinger - Essay Example ("Henry") Kissinger's intensive embarkation on a "shuttle diplomacy" in the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel, Egypt, and Syria helped mediate the Arab-Israeli conflict that had been going on for a long time. ("Henry") Because of this, politicians from Egypt had called him as the 'magician' for being able to come up with disengagement agreements that separated the Israeli and the Arab armies. ("Henry The Nobel") He had been successful in ending the war between these nations; however, there was an even greater and bigger hostility among these nations that was eventually lifted up. The peace process that he has negotiated among them was short-lived that his role was further criticized and questioned, specifically his intentions at bringing about the said 'liberation' between the Arabs and the Israelis. Having fled from Nazi, Germany under Hitler's administration, Kissinger created his own name in the United States as a Harvard University professor of government and international affairs in the 50s and 60s. ("American") He also joined the US Army before that and became an interpreter and intelligence officer in Europe. It was after his service in the army that he was soon the most brilliant professor in Harvard University. ("Henry") His unprecedented ability in interpreting foreign policies enabled him to foretell the necessary responses that Americans should perform in order to become at par with its international relations, as well as balance its power in the worldwide context. Kissinger lectured Americans about moralism that encourages them to a more realistic approach in dealing with all its foreign affairs and policies. Prominent personalities such as John F. Kennedy was as well impressed by his realistic views and policies, with whom he eventually served as a part-time policy adviser behind Kennedy's "flexible response" strategy that characterized the US strategy that promotes and maintains both the conventional and the nuclear forces against the attacks of the Communists instead of a nuclear retaliation that would affect nations and people held as victims. Kissinger also served the Johnson administration as a part-time foreign adviser ("Henry") When Nixon was elected President of the United States in 1968, he appointed Kissinger as his full-time national security adviser. Their team-up has had many suspicions such that the joint of an unlikely two people in the government implied something not at all favourable. Time magazine even described their collaboration as an "improbable partnership" because of their two opposing personalities. Nixon's "old-fashioned, secretive, aloof and over-simplified rhetoric" character did not seem to fit with Kissinger's "urbane intelligence" ("Henry") The Nixon-Kissinger team had worked together to re-shape the style and substance of the United States foreign affairs. Together, the two had work closely in addressing the different international issues that are tied to the US through Kissinger's realist strategies and policies. Together, they had both achieved their goals in the international affairs. ("Henry") From then on, Kissinger was among the most popular and the most controversial personalities in the US government. Being the national security adviser to Nixon's administration, he had concentrated on gaining power for the United

Is global warming due to human actions and can human race take actions Research Paper

Is global warming due to human actions and can human race take actions to stop global warming - Research Paper Example Facts and discussion presented in this paper are meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that â€Å"agricultural and industrial revolution, land-use change, and an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations are all such human actions which have raised global warming rate and acts like recycling, energy conservation, and tree plantation can help reduce this.† (Drallos, 2009) lays stress on the fact that human activity has played a significant role in exponentially increasing the rate of global warming owing to the increased burning of fossil fuels and industrial emissions which increases the CO2 gas concentration in the atmosphere and this plays a direct role in increasing the Earth’s temperature. Actually, the human population has been increasing so tremendously over the past many years that there seems no apparent end to the ongoing use of land, energy, and fossils, thus environmental scientists tend to be at loss of applying any useful strategy for controlling thi s dramatic and urgent environmental emergency.

The Lewis And Clark Expedition Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Lewis And Clark Expedition - Term Paper Example The task for President Jefferson was now to get familiarized with the territory itself, especially the western front. To accomplish this task, President Jefferson chose his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis who was not only a reliable and intelligent man, but also possessed skills of a frontiersman. Meriwether Lewisin in turn selected one of his most reliable friends and an exceptional frontiersman and draftsman, William Clark, and made him the co-commanding captain of the expedition. The trust that Lewis had in Clark’s abilities was remarkable given the fact that Clark was not highly ranked by the government itself for such expeditions1. There were two reasons why President Jefferson wanted this expedition to take place. The first obvious reason was that he wanted to discover the actual territory itself so that the boundaries could be established. The second reason was that he wanted Lewis to discover the water link between the Missouri and Columbia rivers. This water netwo rk would link the Pacific Ocean with the Mississippi system of rivers which in turn would open new access routes for trade and commerce. EXPEDITION The expedition officially started from the summer of 1804 from Camp Wood in St. Louis. Until then, the members were developing the strategies for the expedition. That summertime and during the fall the group of voyagers propelled and dragged themselves towards the north and more precisely, to the northwest on the Missouri River. The post which they reached before the advent of winter was the Fort Mandan post, a trading post, where they set up their camps and waited till the winter had passed away. During this time they prepared for the journey ahead. When the winter had finally passed and as spring of 1805 was approaching, the journey began once again. They moved on further up towards the Missouri to Montana, to what is presently called Three-Forks. The path which they chose was the boundary of the western front along the Jefferson River . This helped to serve the purpose of discovering the new terrain. The new route brought the explorers to the threshold of Shoshone Indians who were very well acquainted with the terrain and specialized in crossing the mountains with their horses. The significant people whom they met were a French fur trader and his Shoshone Indian wife named Sacagawea which means ‘bird woman’. Both these people agreed to guide them through and Sacagawea was especially helpful in establishing contact with the Indians through acting as a translator. At first, the Indians were frightened to see the explorers, but because of Sacagawea, the connection was made rather easily and the Indians agreed to help them. The Indians provided them with supplies and other essential stuff. The other benefit of Sacagawea was that because she was a woman it signified the fact that the explorers were not there for war. Generally, women were not taken alongside in the situation of war. Thus, the presence of Sacagawea meant that the explorers did not mean war. With the help of the Indians, the explorers made their way up to the Bitterroot Mountains. Without the horses it would have been difficult to pass through the mountains. There, the difficulty they had to face was that they had to now travel downriver from the Bitterroot

American Court System: Design and Functions

American Court System: Design and Functions In the United States, in keeping with our bicameral system of government, we have a dual court system consisting of State and Federal courts. While each system is self-contained it is possible, though infrequent, for questions of State law to finish at the United States Supreme Court. The systems and functions of the state and federal courts roughly mirror each other. The state courts system serves both trial and appellate functions and in turn, the federal court system serves these purposes at the federal level. The Federal Courts may be divided into Article III courts, and non-Article III courts. Article III courts were established by/under Article III of the United States Constitution. The Court of International Trade, District Courts (94 in 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), Courts of Appeals (12 geographic-based and another for the Federal Circuit), and the U.S. Supreme Court are all Article III courts. Non-Article III courts include Bankruptcy Courts, Tax Court, decisions by U.S. Magistrate Judges and Administrative Law judges (ALS) in various federal agencies. United States District Courts are trial courts of original jurisdiction for federal cases with mandatory appellant jurisdiction over rulings by non-Article III courts. They adjudicate all federal crimes as well as some civil law cases. All federal felony cases are the responsibility of U.S. Magistrate judges. State Courts vary considerably from state to state. In a broad sense, they all follow the pattern, in ascending order, of state minor trial courts, state major trial courts, state intermediate appellate courts, state high courts of last resort (also known as state supreme courts), and the United States Supreme Court. State minor trial courts include Municipal courts, Justice of the Peace courts and Magisterial District Courts. These courts serve as original jurisdiction courts for misdemeanor cases, both civil and criminal traffic violations and small civil claims. State major trial courts, which may also be known as Superior Courts, Courts of common pleas and District courts, are trial courts of general jurisdiction. They are often arranged by county or groups of counties, to hear felonies and some civil cases. They sometimes have jurisdiction over minor trial courts. State Intermediate Appellate Courts are used in forty out of fifty states. They have mandatory jurisdiction over rulings by the states major trial courts. It is rare for criminal appellants to win on appeal here. State high courts of last resort have both mandatory and discretionary jurisdiction over decisions by lower state courts. This court is a major policy maker for the state due to its position as the final decider on matters of state law. The United States Supreme Court (the High Court of Last Resort in the United States) is arguably the most powerful court in the world. It has absolute control over the cases it hears via its discretionary appellate jurisdiction over decisions made by the U.S. Courts of Appeals. It has jurisdiction over the highest state courts when a question of federal law, to include federal constitutional law, is at issue. Typically, less than a third of the cases heard by the countrys highest court are criminal cases. There are eight courts in the state of Alabama and three Federal districts. Alabama Court of the Judiciary oversees judicial officers and is assembled to hear complaints of the Judicial Inquiry Commission. Alabama Probate Courts deal with matters of probate and the governance of estates. Municipal courts in Alabama handle violations of city ordinances. District courts may be either criminal or civil. District civil courts handle small claims suits. District criminal courts handle state law violations, felonies, and misdemeanors. They can also accept a guilty plea in felony cases. Alabama Circuit Courts are state trial courts of general jurisdiction and have jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases. The Alabama Court of Criminal appeals presides over appeals in criminal cases. Civil appeals are the domain of the Alabama Court of Civil appeals. At the top of the hierarchy is the Alabama Supreme Court, the states court of last resort. District courts in Alabama are in the 11th Circ uit. They trial courts of original jurisdiction over federal cases. A criminal case that goes to trial may end up using trial, appellant and supreme courts. This basic structure and sequence is the same in both state and federal courts. Trial courts of general jurisdiction hear felonies and non-small claims civil cases. They may also have appellate jurisdiction over a states minor trial courts. A case may end at this level if the defendant is convicted and does not appeal, or if he is found innocent. Appellate courts have jurisdiction over decisions made by the major trial courts. Appellate courts do not rule on guilt or innocence but rather on whether the trial was conducted properly. It is rare for a defendant to win at the appellate level. If the decision of the appellate court is challenged the case will proceed to the State Supreme court, also known as the State court of last resort. Typically, the State Supreme Court hears only a few criminal cases annually. In order to move ahead to the United States Supreme Court, a case must include a questi on of federal law or federal constitutional law. All states do not have the same court design. Part of the purpose of a dual court system is to allow states the freedom to govern themselves and to be separate and independent of the federal government. This being the case, each state has developed its own court system and terminologies that serve the people of that state. While the overall structures of the court of one state may be similar to another/others, the fact that each state has its own unique laws guarantees variations in their court systems.

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I have learned that some cases go to trial pretty fast and then others take longer. I found that people can wait up to 9 years for trial and they still get convicted as guilty, but there are some that get their cases dismissed. Which is far because it did violated the right to speedy trial so which mean the case gets dismissed. In this first case Paton and Thomas vs. Supreme Court these two men were arrested for murder of Christopher Mc Crory. Morris Paton was 30 and Eugene Thomas was 33 this man was arrested for killing Christopher Mc Crory who was only 19. This case happened in New Orleans they were arrested December 23, 2001. At first the charges was capital murder which means they would have got the death penalty if convicted .The Cannizzaro's office knocked the charges down to second-degree murder, which carries mandatory life in prison upon conviction. These two men sat in jail for almost nine years waiting on a trial in 2001. Kathryn Sheely which is Paton’s lawyer says "The 8 1/2 year delay in this case has meant that justice can't be served," Sheely said Monday. "...

Belonging and Community

What is my current understanding of belonging and community? Well id have to say belonging is a big thing to teens and most people believe you have to dress a certain way or do something to fit into there apparent â€Å"community† but I definitely dont care what others think. Community to me is my friends family and people who mean alot to me. However that isnt the correct meaning, community is a bunch of people living in a certain area. I like to think my idea of a community is how it should be. How did I come to this understanding of my thinking? Well I dont fully know, its mainly values and thoughts that ive collected and made in my mind while growing older. Many things probably come from my dad hes a great man with alot of good values and he helped shaped who I am today. My mother also taught me alot of good values and also helped shaped who I am. I definitely can't give all the credit to them I have to give some of it to my friends to they have great ways of thinking and are very great people. Thats not all though alot of these ways of thinking come from me and thoughts I think in my head of how the world should be. What are views of others regarding belonging and community? Many of my peers think belonging means trying to be like someone else and fitting into something they like to think is a community. Why is community important in our society? Well without community what do we actually have? A whole lotta nothing really, without community how would we have friends like we have today? Id say without community were very isolated and us ourselves wouldnt be the people we are today. Do you feel we need to have communites? No, We dont absolutely need communities we can just be zombies wandering in no general life direction. Seriously I think we need communitys cause our friends, family and such they are there when you need them. What happens if you have non of that and are in a bad situation? Well you arent able to stay emotionally stable and lose any sort of ambition or heart you have. You crash and fall and have no one to pick you back up again least thats how I feel. If we didnt belong to a community what would we be missing out on? Id have to say we would be missing out on many different things. We would be missing out on our chances to socialize and not be so isolated. We would be missing out on learning certain morals and life choices. We would miss out on having many different friends who help us go through all the crap teenagers have to go through. I also think without communities alot of people wouldnt have much ambition to try hard I know I wouldnt at least. What kinds of communities do I belong to? I belong to quite a few communities if you go by the definition of others. Communities such as school, area district, working community. Thats not community to me though community to me would be my friends and family. I gotta say my group of friends is one of the most important types of community to me cause we have eachothers backs through thick and thin. Even more important family cause seriously without family where would you be right now? Not here thats for sure.

Legalizacion del aborto

Legalizacion del aborto Esquema argumentativo:LegalizaciÂÆ'Â ³n del abortoPregunta‚Â ¿Se debe legalizar una ley del aborto en casos de violaciÂÆ'Â ³n en nuestro paÂÆ'Â ­s?Posturas ante la polÂÆ'Â ©micaSi se debe legalizar la ley del abortoA1.- Evitar embarazos no deseados por violaciÂÆ'Â ³n: A nivel mundial, la primera experiencia sexual de las niÂÆ'Â ±as de las calles entre 10 y 14 aÂÆ'Â ±os es por violaciÂÆ'Â ³n. En Ecuador, el 69% de niÂÆ'Â ±as entre 10 y 15 aÂÆ'Â ±os han sufrido algÂÆ'Â ºn tipo de violencia de gÂÆ'Â ©nero, especialmente violencia sexual. Significa que las niÂÆ'Â ±as son violentadas en la casa, la escuela o en sus propias comunidades". "Sobre el embarazo adolescente, en los ÂÆ'Â ºltimos 20 aÂÆ'Â ±os los partos existentes en adolescentes han crecido en un 80% (Datos_del_Ministerio_de_Cordinacion_de_desarrollo, 2013)A2.- Evitar muertes a causa de abortos clandestinos: Se estima que en el paÂÆ'Â ­s se realizan 95.000 abortos al aÂÆ'Â ±o, de los cuales solo 200 son legales. Cada dÂÆ'Â ­a 260 mujeres deciden abortar y el hecho de no poder acceder a abortos seguros y legales las pone en situaciones de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y en muchos casos las expone a la muerte. (Ministerio_de_Salud_PÂÆ'Â ºblica_del_Ecuador)En Ecuador el aborto es un problema de salud pÂÆ'Â ºblica, pues el 18% de muertes son causadas por abortos clandestinos, constituyÂÆ'Â ©ndose en la segunda causa de mortalidad materna en el paÂÆ'Â ­s. (Fundacion_EducaciÂÆ'Â ³n_para_la_salud_reproductiva_(E.S.A.R.),Ben in Ecuador2012)A3.- La ley debe contener un amplio marco legal como ha sido establecido en 55 paÂÆ'Â ­ses donde se permite el aborto a base de fundamentos legales amplios, la ley usualmente estipula algunas condiciones como, por ejemplo, lÂÆ'Â ­mites de gestaciÂÆ'Â ³n, indicaciÂÆ'Â ³n, perÂÆ'Â ­odos de espera, requisitos de consentimiento, y restricciones. (Redaccion_Abortos, 2009)No se debe legalizar el abortoA1.- Se teme que el aborto caus e daÂÆ'Â ±os fÂÆ'Â ­sicos y emocionales a la mujer: Son innumerables las dificultades que se tienen para valorar adecuadamente los efectos psicopatolÂÆ'Â ³gicos...

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. essays

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. essays Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was the oldest son of the Rev. and Mrs. Martin Luther King. He was named Michael Luther after his father but he later change it to Martin Luther after the great church leader. Bad racial experiences made a long lasting impression on Martin. One day the parents of the boys Martin played with told him they could not play with him anymore because he was black and they were white. That broke his heart and he ran home and told his mother. His mother tried to explain to him why it happen,so she talk to him about racism and prejudice people. She told him that although blacks were no longer slaves, they were not really free. Martin grew up doing and liking what other kids like baseball, basketball and wrestling, but he liked reading most of all. He liked reading mostly about famous people in black historyand he liked to learn new words and use them. He also liked listing to his father and the other ministers use strong words when they preached. He wanted to follow in their footsteps. He made words his weapon for defense and offense. Martin once told his mother Im going to get me some big and strong words like the other preachers. When he was in high school, his skills to use words got him to win an oratorical contest. In September 1944, when he was only 15 years old, Martin entered Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. It was an all black school, and his father and grandfather went there. He knew his father wanted him to become a minister, but Martin was not sure that that was what he wanted to do. At first, he was not sure what his course of study he was going to do, but his experiences at Morehouse shaped his direction for life. It was not until after the meeting with Dr. Benjamin E. Mays, the college president; and Professor George Kelsey, head of the religion department; that he made up his mind. Marti ...

Some Patterns of Paragraph Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Some Patterns of Paragraph Development - Essay Example pets feed on a special diet that the owners fully budget for and higher personal veterinary doctors, who monitor and keep a close check on the pets’ health. The unique treatments highlighted are the exact treatments parents give their children to show affection and love to them. Since the pets receive treatment in a similar manner as children, it is, therefore, justifiable to conclude that people treat pets like surrogate children. In the social media for instance, there exist several pages created using the pet’s names for profiles. The owners of the pets buy gifts for them and organize anniversary celebrations after they die. Driving should be subject to utmost keenness and concentration. Most reckless drivers have caused more incidences of road accidents in several instances. The drivers fail to abide by the set traffic rules that should guide driving in the specific state. The failure to observe such rules causes accidents leading to massive loss of lives. For instance, some of the drivers take alcohol on duty. Alcohol reduces a driver’s alertness and visibility while driving. The result is an increasing in the number of traffic related accidents. Such accidents are avoidable by the drivers following the traffic rules to the latter. Deliberate assumption and ignorance of the regulation leading to loss of life is foolishness. Such foolishness makes the drivers’ actions unbelievable. Tobacco use is the principal cause of preventable health hazards, disabilities, and premature death in most states. Smoking leads to the development stroke and coronary heart diseases. Passive smokers are the indirect users of tobacco who inhale the exhaled smoke that the active smokers smoke out. Smoking leads to lung cancer and lung-related diseases like emphysema and bronchitis. The diseases have no definite treatment or cure, hence making tobacco a serious health peril. The passive smokers are at a higher risk of contracting the smoking related diseases and health

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example Becoming an organ donor is very simple as it is a choice offered when registering to vote, getting or renewing a driver’s license or ID card or placing this in your living will in most states. Laws pertaining to organ donation have been created in order to make the process one which does not discriminate and one which is available to all patients meeting specific health criteria rather than socio-economic status, ethnicity, or gender. Current Laws and Policy Regarding Organ Donation Unfortunately the supply of available organ us far from meeting current demands. It is estimated that over 90,000 people are on waiting lists and many have sought new and creative initiatives in order to increase the supply of organs (Georgetown Edu,2012). This field is still one of the most regulated fields in medical care. While there are federal laws there are also state laws which may be more specific or defined in policy. Those facilities who perform transplants are members or the Organ Procur ement Organization and as such have standards and policy which must be followed. Facilities which participate are considered a ‘host’ and are responsible for properly identifying, maintain and evaluating donors (HRSA, 2012). Authorization must be obtained and the organ must be properly handled to ensure it remains viable. In evaluating potential donors death must be pronounced and the donor's medical history must be screened for factors that would affect the function of the organ. There are very specific screening procedures for each organ or tissue which rules out many potential donors. Host facilities must participate in the sharing of the waiting list of candidates for the organ transplant. Referrals must come from specialty units and those placed on the waiting list are screened and rated with a priority. In order to prevent preferential treatment organs which are procured from transplant must be handled by a facility other than the one where the organ is to be rece ived. Those who are non-citizens of the United States may also be referred for the organ transplant. Policy prevents discrimination and in these cases, adherence to the policy preventing discrimination is to be followed. All potential donors a panel of tests are administered which include information such as electrolytes, serological testing, hepatitis screening, chest x-rays and numerous more. Each organ or tissue has more specified and specialized screening processes. Kidney donations must meet a defined matrix which includes factors such as age and creatinine. A history of hypertension will be evaluated and the cause of death must also be considered carefully. Blood types must match when transplanting kidneys and those with a zero-antigen match are usually selected first from the pool of candidates as they are less likely to experience total organ rejection. Information such as this is shared within Unit which is a compilation of all donors on the waiting list. Kidneys are one of the most transplanted organs with high success rates (HRSA-2, 2012). Kidneys are shared first to the most suitable local matches; if there are none then regions are defined which are next allocated the kidney; if a recipient is not found with the region a match is sought nationally. Liver transplant patients are scored with a different system weighs their mortality risk against the medical urgency of their condition. Candidates are assigned a status with points given for factors such as creatinine, bilirubin, age, stage of liver failure, renal failure, and Glasgow coma.